1. Diamond The transparent color and beautiful diamonds are valuable gems. Because of its high hardness, Huidity and Firecai (strong scattered), it is unparalleled in the gemstone, so it has become the most popular among people. Gem, the most transparent figure or blue. The main basis for evaluating diamonds is four factors: weight, color, cleanliness and cutting. 2, color gems The gems with color, such as ruby, sapphire, emerald, sea sapphire, golden emerald, golden water bodhisattva, tourmaline, spinel, garnet, Danquan stone, Topa Stone, vermiculite, olives, color -changing gems, yellow crystal gemstones, European beacon, green curtain stone, etc. 3, jade This category is specifically divided by the Chinese, referring to the multi -hidden crystal collection of emerald and white jade. Diamonds and color gems are monocrystalline. ① Emerald has color purple, red, gray, yellow, white, etc., but it is expensive with green. ② jade It color: white jade, jasper, green jade, ink jade, yellow jade, yellow jade, green jade, Jingbai jade, etc. From the region: Xinjiang jade, Henan jade, Xiuyan jade (also known as Johor Bahru), Australian jade, Dushan jade, southern jade, Canadian jade, etc. Among them, Xinjiang Hetian jade is the famous specialty of my country. 4, agate It color: white, gray, red, orchid, green, yellow, sheep liver, bile green, chicken blood, black agate and so on. The pattern is divided into: lamp, algae, filament, Gobi agate, 玳瑁 agate and so on. It is produced in the northeast, Inner Mongolia, Yunnan, Guangxi and other places in my country. And there is aquatic agate, called water gall agate. 5, stone Shoushan stone, snake -grain stone (also known as snake -like stone jade), turquoise, green curtain stone, lapis stone, hibiscus stone, woody stone (also known as tiger peel stone), peach blossom stone stone, peach blossom stone stone (Also known as Beijing powder), malachite, orchid stone, sheep liver stone, tiger -eyed stone, Dongling stone, etc. Among them, the turquoise is a famous product in the area of Liyang, Hubei, my country. 6, crystal The white crystal, amethyst, yellow crystal, amethyst, red crystal, pink crystal, blue crystal, titanium crystal, ink crystal, ghost crystal, tea crystal (also known as smoke crystal), soft), soft Crystal, mane crystal, hair crystal. Northern and south of my country are produced, among which natural crystals are produced in Donghai County, Jiangsu. 7, coral dividends and white colors are a kind of underwater intestinal animal fossil. The quality of production produced in Taiwan Province is very good. 8, beads pearls (seawater pearls, freshwater pearls), beaded (seawater beads, freshwater beads). Extension information The seven effects of gems
The brilliant gemstone is colorful and colorful, which is set off through color, gloss, transparency, folding and carving type. Due to its crystals, it often contains parcels, dual -crystal patterns, and lattice structure defects, resulting in the phenomenon of interference, diffraction, scattering and other phenomena of light. In light, some special optical effects will appear. Effect, cat eye effect, discoloration effect, moonlight effect, colorful effect, Venus effect, lighting effect, etc. 1, starlight effect The starlight effect refers to the phenomenon of cross -shot, six -shot, twelve -shot star -like light under the light of the surface of the surface. The reason for this effect is because there are many in parallel needle -shaped parcels inside the gemstone. 2, cat eye effect The arc surface crystal is under light, and the bright light band presented on the surface of the crystal. When turning the crystal, the light band moves, like the slender eyes of the cat's eye, called the cat's eye effect or the colorful effect of the lottery effect Essence 3, discoloration effect The crystals are different colors under different light sources such as sunlight or light (light -rich lights), which are called color change or color -changing effects of crystal. 4, colorful effects also called You color effects. That is, under white light, a phenomenon of multi -color transformation flash at the same crystal ring. When the crystal or light source is rotated, the crystal color can be seen constantly swimming and changing, shining and charming, and various chromatography of red, orange, yellow, and green. 5, moonlight effect Moonstone is a slightly diagonal stone with a plaid dual -crystal. The two groups are close to each other's dual -crystal patterns, which are scattered in the light. The halo, like moonlight, is called the moonlight effect. Moonlight effects with moonlight effects are called moonstone. 6, Venus effect transparent, translucent crystal, when there are many opaque tiny solid wraps inside, under light, reflected and shining. This phenomenon is called the Venus effect, also known as Sand gold effects, such as Venus quartz. 7, light emitting effect has a gem with fluorescence or phosphorus light, which is called luminous gemstone. Among them, the strong gem with a strong phosphorus is called "Night Pearl". Such as ruby red fluorescence, blue fluorescence of white tungsten ore, blue phosphorus light of diamonds, etc.
Types of gemstones: diamonds, rubies, sapphires, emeralds, and golden green cat eyes are the five precious gems recognized by the world. They have value preservation and collection value.
1, diamond The mineral named Miner is the hardest material in nature. It is known as the "king of gems". The value of "water and fire drill" is the highest. Pink, blue, green, golden and other colors are rare as treasures. Produced in South Africa, Australia, Russia, Liaoning, Shandong and other places in my country. The world's largest gem Vajrayana is produced in South Africa, weighing 3106 carats. 2, ruby The mineral name is a precious gemstone second only to diamonds, with hardness 9, second only to diamonds. Produced in Southeast Asian countries such as Myanmar, Thailand, Sri Lanka. Myanmar is the premier high -quality ruby origin in the world. It is the best in "pigeon blood red", which is pomegranate red and rose red. Ruby is a birthday stone in July. It symbolizes enthusiasm and noble morals. It has been loved by the world for thousands of years. 3, sapphire The mineral composition is the same as ruby, so it is known as the "sister gem". The broad sapphire includes all kinds of gem -grade gems other than red, and the quality of the chrysanthemums of Kashmir Yaru is the best quality. For the past, high -quality sapphires are mainly produced in Myanmar and Sri Lanka. It is better to use the bright blue color tone. It is secondary. For September Birth of the Shi Shi. 4, emerald is a kind of green pillar stone mineral. Because of the special crystal "emerald green", it is known as the "king of green gems". It is said that its green beauty is not available with gems. It is better to use emerald green, and high -quality green emeralds are produced in Colombia.
5, golden green cat eye mineral name gold emerald, hardness of 8.5, second only to diamonds and rubies. It has green yellow, honey yellow, yellow brown and other colors. It is produced in Sri Lanka with dark honey yellow. When the color -changing effect is called the stone (Alexander), it is green under the sun, and it is red under the incandescent lamp, and it is also a precious gem. 6, Opal The mineral decisive protein, with magnificent and eye -catching color. The colorful, bright, red -changing and uniform five -color variations are better. Black Opal is the best, Bai Opal and Fireo are secondary; produced in Australia. 7, sea blue gem is a type of green pillar stone mineral. It has sea water blue. Those with strong colors are better. Produced in Xinjiang, Yunnan and other provinces (autonomous regions). 8, spinelite Alias, which is often red, blue and other colors, which are more precious to the red close to the ruby. The red tsolta stone is easy to mix with the ruby. A red spikes, known as the "Black Prince Ruby", were inlaid on the Crown of the Kings in 1660 and were not known until the 20th century. High -quality spinel is produced in Myanmar.
9, olive is named after olive green, and the best person who resembles emeralds is strong green and yellow -green. It is born in August. Essence
10, Topa stone The mineral name yellow jade, hardness 8, more color, the most precious and colorless person with wine yellow and red. The common blue yellow jade in the store is made of artificial changes, but it is quite green. It is born in November, produced in Xinjiang, Yunnan and other places.
11, Ziya Wu is a puzzle mineral. Due to the chemical components of this family, there are many varieties and colors. It is best to use emeralds and blood -red magnesium -red magnesium and aluminum gomegings like emerald.
12, moonstone Its light blue halo is quite like the moonlight of the autumn night, hence the name. High -quality moonstone is produced in Myanmar. Its fainting is pale blue, golden, silver and other colors. It is best for pale blue and golden yellow. If the cat's eye effect and the "pupil", the value is doubled, and it is a popular gem variety. Some scholars believe that the well -known "He's Wall" is moonstone.
13, pearl is known as "gem queen". For the secretions of pearl mussels, minerals have become grammar. Divided into two categories: natural beads and breeding beads, with large and round pearls and beautiful beauty. Sea water breeding beads in Hepu, Guangxi, my country, are well -known in the world.
The expansion information The appraisal method 1. Pen -style conservation flashlight: It is used to observe the transparency of thick color gems. The electric beads of the concentration should be reached on the pen, and the pen should not be protruded, otherwise it is not convenient to observe. 2. Magic Mirror: It is one of the instruments of gem amplification observation. The most commonly used is a 10 -fold mirror, and there are several types of 20 or 30 times. A magnifying glass is a key tool and necessary thing for gem experts, which is easy to carry. It can be used to identify the variety and authenticity of gems. 3. Both color mirror: Some gems are multicolored, and the best instrument with the best color of gemstones is a dilateral mirror. Both -color mirror is a reasonable structure, cheap, small and simple optical instrument. The bin -color mirror uses a suitable transparent colorless square lipstick (ice continents) diamond surface. Due to the high double refractive index of ice continents, the instrument can separate the two plane polarized light through the gemstone. The requirements must be a single crystal gemstone with transparent colors to detect multi -color, and jade cannot detect multi -color. 4. Folding meter: The discount rate is an important optical constant of transparent gemstones, and it is the main basis for identifying gem varieties. There are two main methods for measuring the discount rate: one is the direct measurement method, which is measured by a folding meter; the other is the relative measurement method, and the liquid is immersed. 5. Charles Filter: The color filter is designed with the characteristic of a specific wavelength of absorbing light. It is a gemstone appraisal instrument composed of two pieces of gel filter that only allows dark red and yellow -green light. 6. Gem microscope: an important instrument for gemstone amplification observation. It can detect 10 times large mirror that cannot clearly confirm or observe the external and internal characteristics of the gemstone. Gem microscope can observe the parcels, diarrhea, double crystal, growth lines, and ribbons inside the gemstone; observe the grinding, polishing and accidental damage of the gemstones; identify the two -layer stone and three -layer stone of gemstones. The structure of the gem microscope is reasonable, the auxiliary equipment is complete, and the magnification is large, generally 10 to 70 times. 7. Thermal guide: The thermal guide is designed according to the good heat transfer of the diamond. Most gems do not have the heat -conducting or thermal conductivity. Therefore, the general thermal guidelines are designed by distinguishing diamonds and artificial imitation diamond products. They are dedicated instruments to identify diamonds and other imitation diamond products. 8. Polarizer: It is a simple optical instrument that makes the plane polarizing light vertical intersect and the principle of light that cannot be created. The polarizer is composed of two polarizers, brackets, and bottom lighting of two vibration directions. It is used to detect the light of gemstones (whether a homogeneous or non -homogeneous body) and multi -color. In the polarizer of the lighting light, turn to observe the light and dark changes of the gem sample. In addition, the commonly used gem appraisal instruments include absorbing spectral spectrometers, fluorescent lamps, X -ray diffraction meters, electronic probe, etc. Reference materials: Baidu Encyclopedia: Gem
1. Diamond (high-end gem) -Namibia, South Africa, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands 2, ruby (high-end gem)-Myanmar 3, sapphire (high-end gem)-US, Greek 4, grandmother, grandmother Green (High-end Gem)-Colombia, Peru, Spain 5, Cat's Eye Stone (High-end Gem)-Sri Lanka, Portugal 6, Emerald (High-end Jade)-New Zealand 7 Jade)-Australia, Hungary, Czech 8, pearl (high-end organic gem)-India, the Philippines, France 9, coral (mid-to-high-end organic gem)-Italy, Yugoslav, Algeria, Morocco r 10, amber (mid-to-high-end organic gem)-Germany, Romania 11, ivory (mid-range organic gem)-Zair 12, olive (mid-range gem)-Egypt 13, white gem ( Mid-range gem)-Austria 14, greenite (mid-range jade) -Afug, Chile, Bolivia 15, malachite (low-grade jade)-Madagascar n extension information: ruby the ruby gemstone
The mineral name is a precious gem after diamond with hardness 9, second only to diamonds. Produced in Southeast Asian countries such as Myanmar, Thailand, Sri Lanka. Myanmar is the premier high -quality ruby origin in the world. It is the best in "pigeon blood red", which is pomegranate red and rose red. Ruby is a birthday stone in July. It symbolizes enthusiasm and noble morals. It has been loved by the world for thousands of years.
r
The mineral composition is the same as ruby, so it is called "sister gem". The broad sapphire includes all kinds of gem -grade gems other than red, and the quality of the chrysanthemums of Kashmir Yaru is the best quality. For the past, high -quality sapphires are mainly produced in Myanmar and Sri Lanka. It is better to use the bright blue color tone. It is secondary. For September Birth of the Shi Shi.
The emerald
is a kind of green pillar stone mineral. Because of the special crystal "emerald green", it is known as the "king of green gemstones". It is said that its green beauty. Any green is not worthy. It is better to use emerald green, and high -quality green emeralds are produced in Colombia.
Golden green cat eyes
mineral name gold emerald, hardness of 8.5, second only to diamonds and rubies. It has green yellow, honey yellow, yellow brown and other colors. It is produced in Sri Lanka with dark honey yellow. When the color -changing effect is called the stone (Alexander), it is green under the sun, and it is red under the incandescent lamp, and it is also a precious gem.
r
mineral named melobe, with magnificent and eye -catching color. The colorful, bright, red -changing and uniform five -color variations are better. Black Opal is the best, Bai Opal and Fireo are secondary; produced in Australia.
is a sea blue gem
is a type of green pillar stone mineral. It is blue with sea water. Those with strong colors are better. Produced in Xinjiang, Yunnan and other provinces (autonomous regions).
Strobe Alias is often red, blue and other colors, which are more precious to close to ruby. The red tsolta stone is easy to mix with the ruby. A red spikes, known as the "Black Prince Ruby", were inlaid on the Crown of the Kings in 1660 and were not known until the 20th century. High -quality spinel is produced in Myanmar.
r Then name is named by olive green, the best -like -like -like, the second is thick green and yellow -green. It is born in August. It is produced in Hebei and Jilin.
Topa The mineral named yellow jade, hardness 8, more colors, the most precious in wine yellow and red, and the worst colorless person. The common blue yellow jade in the store is made of artificial changes, but it is quite green. It is born in November, produced in Xinjiang, Yunnan and other places.
r
Due to the chemical components of this family, there are many varieties and colors. It is best to use emeralds and blood -red magnesium -red magnesium and aluminum gomegings like emerald.
Clasm stone Its light blue halo is quite like the moonlight of the autumn night, hence the name. High -quality moonstone is produced in Myanmar. Its fainting is pale blue, golden, silver and other colors. It is best for pale blue and golden yellow. If the cat's eye effect and the "pupil", the value is doubled, and it is a popular gem variety. Some scholars believe that the well -known "He's Wall" is moonstone.
1. Diamond
The transparent color and beautiful diamonds are valuable gems. Because of its high hardness, Huidity and Firecai (strong scattered), it is unparalleled in the gemstone, so it has become the most popular among people. Gem, the most transparent figure or blue. The main basis for evaluating diamonds is four factors: weight, color, cleanliness and cutting.
2, color gems
The gems with color, such as ruby, sapphire, emerald, sea sapphire, golden emerald, golden water bodhisattva, tourmaline, spinel, garnet, Danquan stone, Topa Stone, vermiculite, olives, color -changing gems, yellow crystal gemstones, European beacon, green curtain stone, etc.
3, jade
This category is specifically divided by the Chinese, referring to the multi -hidden crystal collection of emerald and white jade. Diamonds and color gems are monocrystalline.
① Emerald
has color purple, red, gray, yellow, white, etc., but it is expensive with green.
② jade
It color: white jade, jasper, green jade, ink jade, yellow jade, yellow jade, green jade, Jingbai jade, etc. From the region: Xinjiang jade, Henan jade, Xiuyan jade (also known as Johor Bahru), Australian jade, Dushan jade, southern jade, Canadian jade, etc. Among them, Xinjiang Hetian jade is the famous specialty of my country.
4, agate
It color: white, gray, red, orchid, green, yellow, sheep liver, bile green, chicken blood, black agate and so on. The pattern is divided into: lamp, algae, filament, Gobi agate, 玳瑁 agate and so on. It is produced in the northeast, Inner Mongolia, Yunnan, Guangxi and other places in my country. And there is aquatic agate, called water gall agate.
5, stone
Shoushan stone, snake -grain stone (also known as snake -like stone jade), turquoise, green curtain stone, lapis stone, hibiscus stone, woody stone (also known as tiger peel stone), peach blossom stone stone, peach blossom stone stone (Also known as Beijing powder), malachite, orchid stone, sheep liver stone, tiger -eyed stone, Dongling stone, etc. Among them, the turquoise is a famous product in the area of Liyang, Hubei, my country.
6, crystal
The white crystal, amethyst, yellow crystal, amethyst, red crystal, pink crystal, blue crystal, titanium crystal, ink crystal, ghost crystal, tea crystal (also known as smoke crystal), soft), soft Crystal, mane crystal, hair crystal. Northern and south of my country are produced, among which natural crystals are produced in Donghai County, Jiangsu.
7, coral
dividends and white colors are a kind of underwater intestinal animal fossil. The quality of production produced in Taiwan Province is very good.
8, beads
pearls (seawater pearls, freshwater pearls), beaded (seawater beads, freshwater beads).
Extension information
The seven effects of gems
The brilliant gemstone is colorful and colorful, which is set off through color, gloss, transparency, folding and carving type. Due to its crystals, it often contains parcels, dual -crystal patterns, and lattice structure defects, resulting in the phenomenon of interference, diffraction, scattering and other phenomena of light. In light, some special optical effects will appear. Effect, cat eye effect, discoloration effect, moonlight effect, colorful effect, Venus effect, lighting effect, etc.
1, starlight effect
The starlight effect refers to the phenomenon of cross -shot, six -shot, twelve -shot star -like light under the light of the surface of the surface. The reason for this effect is because there are many in parallel needle -shaped parcels inside the gemstone.
2, cat eye effect
The arc surface crystal is under light, and the bright light band presented on the surface of the crystal. When turning the crystal, the light band moves, like the slender eyes of the cat's eye, called the cat's eye effect or the colorful effect of the lottery effect Essence
3, discoloration effect
The crystals are different colors under different light sources such as sunlight or light (light -rich lights), which are called color change or color -changing effects of crystal.
4, colorful effects
also called You color effects. That is, under white light, a phenomenon of multi -color transformation flash at the same crystal ring. When the crystal or light source is rotated, the crystal color can be seen constantly swimming and changing, shining and charming, and various chromatography of red, orange, yellow, and green.
5, moonlight effect
Moonstone is a slightly diagonal stone with a plaid dual -crystal. The two groups are close to each other's dual -crystal patterns, which are scattered in the light. The halo, like moonlight, is called the moonlight effect. Moonlight effects with moonlight effects are called moonstone.
6, Venus effect
transparent, translucent crystal, when there are many opaque tiny solid wraps inside, under light, reflected and shining. This phenomenon is called the Venus effect, also known as Sand gold effects, such as Venus quartz.
7, light emitting effect
has a gem with fluorescence or phosphorus light, which is called luminous gemstone. Among them, the strong gem with a strong phosphorus is called "Night Pearl". Such as ruby red fluorescence, blue fluorescence of white tungsten ore, blue phosphorus light of diamonds, etc.
Types of gemstones: diamonds, rubies, sapphires, emeralds, and golden green cat eyes are the five precious gems recognized by the world. They have value preservation and collection value.
1, diamond
The mineral named Miner is the hardest material in nature. It is known as the "king of gems". The value of "water and fire drill" is the highest. Pink, blue, green, golden and other colors are rare as treasures. Produced in South Africa, Australia, Russia, Liaoning, Shandong and other places in my country. The world's largest gem Vajrayana is produced in South Africa, weighing 3106 carats.
2, ruby
The mineral name is a precious gemstone second only to diamonds, with hardness 9, second only to diamonds. Produced in Southeast Asian countries such as Myanmar, Thailand, Sri Lanka. Myanmar is the premier high -quality ruby origin in the world. It is the best in "pigeon blood red", which is pomegranate red and rose red. Ruby is a birthday stone in July. It symbolizes enthusiasm and noble morals. It has been loved by the world for thousands of years.
3, sapphire
The mineral composition is the same as ruby, so it is known as the "sister gem". The broad sapphire includes all kinds of gem -grade gems other than red, and the quality of the chrysanthemums of Kashmir Yaru is the best quality. For the past, high -quality sapphires are mainly produced in Myanmar and Sri Lanka. It is better to use the bright blue color tone. It is secondary. For September Birth of the Shi Shi.
4, emerald
is a kind of green pillar stone mineral. Because of the special crystal "emerald green", it is known as the "king of green gems". It is said that its green beauty is not available with gems. It is better to use emerald green, and high -quality green emeralds are produced in Colombia.
5, golden green cat eye
mineral name gold emerald, hardness of 8.5, second only to diamonds and rubies. It has green yellow, honey yellow, yellow brown and other colors. It is produced in Sri Lanka with dark honey yellow. When the color -changing effect is called the stone (Alexander), it is green under the sun, and it is red under the incandescent lamp, and it is also a precious gem.
6, Opal
The mineral decisive protein, with magnificent and eye -catching color. The colorful, bright, red -changing and uniform five -color variations are better. Black Opal is the best, Bai Opal and Fireo are secondary; produced in Australia.
7, sea blue gem
is a type of green pillar stone mineral. It has sea water blue. Those with strong colors are better. Produced in Xinjiang, Yunnan and other provinces (autonomous regions).
8, spinelite
Alias, which is often red, blue and other colors, which are more precious to the red close to the ruby. The red tsolta stone is easy to mix with the ruby. A red spikes, known as the "Black Prince Ruby", were inlaid on the Crown of the Kings in 1660 and were not known until the 20th century. High -quality spinel is produced in Myanmar.
9, olive
is named after olive green, and the best person who resembles emeralds is strong green and yellow -green. It is born in August. Essence
10, Topa stone
The mineral name yellow jade, hardness 8, more color, the most precious and colorless person with wine yellow and red. The common blue yellow jade in the store is made of artificial changes, but it is quite green. It is born in November, produced in Xinjiang, Yunnan and other places.
11, Ziya Wu
is a puzzle mineral. Due to the chemical components of this family, there are many varieties and colors. It is best to use emeralds and blood -red magnesium -red magnesium and aluminum gomegings like emerald.
12, moonstone
Its light blue halo is quite like the moonlight of the autumn night, hence the name. High -quality moonstone is produced in Myanmar. Its fainting is pale blue, golden, silver and other colors. It is best for pale blue and golden yellow. If the cat's eye effect and the "pupil", the value is doubled, and it is a popular gem variety. Some scholars believe that the well -known "He's Wall" is moonstone.
13, pearl
is known as "gem queen". For the secretions of pearl mussels, minerals have become grammar. Divided into two categories: natural beads and breeding beads, with large and round pearls and beautiful beauty. Sea water breeding beads in Hepu, Guangxi, my country, are well -known in the world.
The expansion information
The appraisal method
1. Pen -style conservation flashlight: It is used to observe the transparency of thick color gems. The electric beads of the concentration should be reached on the pen, and the pen should not be protruded, otherwise it is not convenient to observe.
2. Magic Mirror: It is one of the instruments of gem amplification observation. The most commonly used is a 10 -fold mirror, and there are several types of 20 or 30 times. A magnifying glass is a key tool and necessary thing for gem experts, which is easy to carry. It can be used to identify the variety and authenticity of gems.
3. Both color mirror: Some gems are multicolored, and the best instrument with the best color of gemstones is a dilateral mirror. Both -color mirror is a reasonable structure, cheap, small and simple optical instrument. The bin -color mirror uses a suitable transparent colorless square lipstick (ice continents) diamond surface. Due to the high double refractive index of ice continents, the instrument can separate the two plane polarized light through the gemstone. The requirements must be a single crystal gemstone with transparent colors to detect multi -color, and jade cannot detect multi -color.
4. Folding meter: The discount rate is an important optical constant of transparent gemstones, and it is the main basis for identifying gem varieties. There are two main methods for measuring the discount rate: one is the direct measurement method, which is measured by a folding meter; the other is the relative measurement method, and the liquid is immersed.
5. Charles Filter: The color filter is designed with the characteristic of a specific wavelength of absorbing light. It is a gemstone appraisal instrument composed of two pieces of gel filter that only allows dark red and yellow -green light.
6. Gem microscope: an important instrument for gemstone amplification observation. It can detect 10 times large mirror that cannot clearly confirm or observe the external and internal characteristics of the gemstone. Gem microscope can observe the parcels, diarrhea, double crystal, growth lines, and ribbons inside the gemstone; observe the grinding, polishing and accidental damage of the gemstones; identify the two -layer stone and three -layer stone of gemstones. The structure of the gem microscope is reasonable, the auxiliary equipment is complete, and the magnification is large, generally 10 to 70 times.
7. Thermal guide: The thermal guide is designed according to the good heat transfer of the diamond. Most gems do not have the heat -conducting or thermal conductivity. Therefore, the general thermal guidelines are designed by distinguishing diamonds and artificial imitation diamond products. They are dedicated instruments to identify diamonds and other imitation diamond products.
8. Polarizer: It is a simple optical instrument that makes the plane polarizing light vertical intersect and the principle of light that cannot be created. The polarizer is composed of two polarizers, brackets, and bottom lighting of two vibration directions. It is used to detect the light of gemstones (whether a homogeneous or non -homogeneous body) and multi -color. In the polarizer of the lighting light, turn to observe the light and dark changes of the gem sample.
In addition, the commonly used gem appraisal instruments include absorbing spectral spectrometers, fluorescent lamps, X -ray diffraction meters, electronic probe, etc.
Reference materials: Baidu Encyclopedia: Gem
1. Diamond (high-end gem) -Namibia, South Africa, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands
2, ruby (high-end gem)-Myanmar
3, sapphire (high-end gem)-US, Greek
4, grandmother, grandmother Green (High-end Gem)-Colombia, Peru, Spain
5, Cat's Eye Stone (High-end Gem)-Sri Lanka, Portugal
6, Emerald (High-end Jade)-New Zealand
7 Jade)-Australia, Hungary, Czech
8, pearl (high-end organic gem)-India, the Philippines, France
9, coral (mid-to-high-end organic gem)-Italy, Yugoslav, Algeria, Morocco r
10, amber (mid-to-high-end organic gem)-Germany, Romania
11, ivory (mid-range organic gem)-Zair
12, olive (mid-range gem)-Egypt 13, white gem ( Mid-range gem)-Austria
14, greenite (mid-range jade) -Afug, Chile, Bolivia
15, malachite (low-grade jade)-Madagascar n extension information:
ruby the ruby gemstone
The mineral name is a precious gem after diamond with hardness 9, second only to diamonds. Produced in Southeast Asian countries such as Myanmar, Thailand, Sri Lanka. Myanmar is the premier high -quality ruby origin in the world. It is the best in "pigeon blood red", which is pomegranate red and rose red. Ruby is a birthday stone in July. It symbolizes enthusiasm and noble morals. It has been loved by the world for thousands of years.
r
The mineral composition is the same as ruby, so it is called "sister gem". The broad sapphire includes all kinds of gem -grade gems other than red, and the quality of the chrysanthemums of Kashmir Yaru is the best quality. For the past, high -quality sapphires are mainly produced in Myanmar and Sri Lanka. It is better to use the bright blue color tone. It is secondary. For September Birth of the Shi Shi.
The emerald
is a kind of green pillar stone mineral. Because of the special crystal "emerald green", it is known as the "king of green gemstones". It is said that its green beauty. Any green is not worthy. It is better to use emerald green, and high -quality green emeralds are produced in Colombia.
Golden green cat eyes
mineral name gold emerald, hardness of 8.5, second only to diamonds and rubies. It has green yellow, honey yellow, yellow brown and other colors. It is produced in Sri Lanka with dark honey yellow. When the color -changing effect is called the stone (Alexander), it is green under the sun, and it is red under the incandescent lamp, and it is also a precious gem.
r
mineral named melobe, with magnificent and eye -catching color. The colorful, bright, red -changing and uniform five -color variations are better. Black Opal is the best, Bai Opal and Fireo are secondary; produced in Australia.
is a sea blue gem
is a type of green pillar stone mineral. It is blue with sea water. Those with strong colors are better. Produced in Xinjiang, Yunnan and other provinces (autonomous regions).
Strobe
Alias is often red, blue and other colors, which are more precious to close to ruby. The red tsolta stone is easy to mix with the ruby. A red spikes, known as the "Black Prince Ruby", were inlaid on the Crown of the Kings in 1660 and were not known until the 20th century. High -quality spinel is produced in Myanmar.
r
Then name is named by olive green, the best -like -like -like, the second is thick green and yellow -green. It is born in August. It is produced in Hebei and Jilin.
Topa
The mineral named yellow jade, hardness 8, more colors, the most precious in wine yellow and red, and the worst colorless person. The common blue yellow jade in the store is made of artificial changes, but it is quite green. It is born in November, produced in Xinjiang, Yunnan and other places.
r
Due to the chemical components of this family, there are many varieties and colors. It is best to use emeralds and blood -red magnesium -red magnesium and aluminum gomegings like emerald.
Clasm stone
Its light blue halo is quite like the moonlight of the autumn night, hence the name. High -quality moonstone is produced in Myanmar. Its fainting is pale blue, golden, silver and other colors. It is best for pale blue and golden yellow. If the cat's eye effect and the "pupil", the value is doubled, and it is a popular gem variety. Some scholars believe that the well -known "He's Wall" is moonstone.
Reference materials:
gems-Baidu Encyclopedia
Jewelry classification
Jewelry includes: natural jewelry jade (natural gemstone, natural jade, natural organic gem)
If artificial gems (artificial gemstones, recreation gems, combined gems, synthetic gems)
and jewelry Precious metals: gold, silver, platinum,
1. Natural gem
Natural gems: diamond, fluorite, ruby, sapphire, red iron ore, crystal, spinel, golden green cat eye, yellow green cat eye , Yellow Heroes, Emerald, Emersians, Tourmaline, Metroepentine, amethyst gold ore, quartz, and other 16 species.
2. Natural jade
Natural jade: Huanglong jade, agate, jasper, Lingbi jade, Hetian jade, Xiuyan jade, Nanyang jade, ice color chalcedony, emerald, malachite, turquoise, turquoise , Dongling Jade, Hanyang Jade, Junggar Jade, Yuguangyu, Silicon Peacock Stone, Green Frozen Stone, Lugin Stone, Golden Jade, Ice Flower Jade, British Stone and so on.
3. Natural colored stone
Natural color stone: Shoushan stone, Tianhuang stone, Qingtian stone, chicken bloodstone, pentagram, long white stone, duanshi, vermiculite, pine stone, rain flower stone, Balin stone, chrysanthemum stone, purple, purple Yunshi, vermiculite, swallow stone, vermiculite, red silk stone, Taihu stone, Changhua stone, snake pattern, Shangshuishi, talc, granite, marble, etc.
4. Natural organic gem
Natural organic gems: amber, pearl, coral, ivory and other.
Gems are generally divided into inorganic gems and organic gems, such as: chicken bloodstone (), sheep fat jade (), Jadites, Hotan jade (Nephrites), Tianhuang Stone (), Koreite (Koreite), Jintian Huang (), 玳瑁 () () , SaualPite, green amber, cat -eye stones (), jasperite, pyrophane, grape stones (), blue greenite, aeroides (Aeroides), purple, purple Huang Jing, cinnabar (), green tourmaline (), hard jade (), emerald (), red -tsioned spar (), moonstone (), red coral (), meteorite, porpecite /Porpezite, to GZIBEADS, South Red Agate (), Fanta Stone (), Bitellos, Barklyite, 镥 (), Curvy (), Dialogite (Dialogite ), Chrysopal, LaSurite, sapphire (), yellow wax stones (), Corunms (Tridacnas), Qingtian Stone (), Berylite, emerald () , Tian Tiejia (), Iraurita/Iraurite, red tourmaline, Rhodita, Nanyang jade ()